From 1878 to 1944, Bulgaria experienced numerous societal, political, and social changes. Here is an overview of the main developments during this period, based on facts and dates:
Societal Development
Education and literacy rates improved significantly after 1878, with the establishment of new schools, universities, and cultural institutions. In 1888 Sofia University, the oldest higher education institution in the country, was founded. The Bulgarian population experienced urbanization, with many people moving to cities for work and better living conditions. The industrial sector expanded, leading to increased economic activity and the growth of the middle class.
Political Development
- 1878: The Treaty of Berlin establishes the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.
- 1885: The Unification of Bulgaria, when the principality united with Eastern Rumelia, another autonomous region in the Ottoman Empire.
- 1908: Prince Ferdinand declares Bulgaria’s independence and becomes Tsar Ferdinand I, marking the beginning of the Kingdom of Bulgaria.
- 1912-1913: Bulgaria participates in the Balkan Wars but suffers territorial losses.
- 1914-1918: Bulgaria allies with the Central Powers in World War I, leading to additional territorial losses after the war.
- 1943: Tsar Boris III dies, and his six-year-old son, Simeon II, becomes the last reigning Bulgarian monarch.
Social Development
The period saw the growth of national consciousness and the establishment of Bulgarian cultural identity. Folklore, music, and dance flourished, while Bulgarian writers and poets significantly contributed to the country’s cultural heritage. Notable poets from this period include Pencho Slaveykov (1866-1912), Hristo Botev (1848-1876), and Peyo Yavorov (1878-1914).
Architectural Development and Styles
Notable architectural achievements during this period include the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia (completed in 1912) and the Central Sofia Market Hall (completed in 1911). Additionally, the National Theatre “Ivan Vazov” (founded in 1904), the Central Military Club (completed in 1907), and the Central Mineral Baths in Sofia (completed in 1913) exemplifies the architectural styles of this era, combining Bulgarian traditions with European influences.
Parliament and Constitution
The Tarnovo Constitution, adopted in 1879, established a constitutional monarchy with a strong parliament (National Assembly). The Constitution was amended several times, with the most significant changes occurring in 1893, 1911, and 1941.
Prominent Figures and Rulers
Key political figures during this period include Stefan Stambolov (1854-1895), who served as prime minister from 1887 to 1894, and Tsar Boris III (1894-1943), who ruled Bulgaria during the turbulent period of World War II.
