The annexation of Thrace by the Roman Empire in 46 AD marked a significant turning point in the region’s history. This period saw the transformation of Thrace from a collection of tribal kingdoms into a vital Roman province. The process of Romanization brought profound changes to the region’s urban development, culture, and infrastructure. The establishment of significant cities like Philippopolis (modern-day Plovdiv) and Serdica (now Sofia) became centers of Roman administration and culture, leaving a lasting legacy that can still be seen today.
The Roman Conquest and Establishment of Thrace as a Province
The Roman Empire extended its control over Thrace in 46 AD after annexing the Thracian Kingdom of Odrysia. This conquest marked the end of Thracian political independence and the beginning of a new era under Roman rule. The region was incorporated into the Roman province of Moesia, which later split into Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior. Thrace became a distinct province strategically crucial for its location and resources.
The Romans quickly began the process of Romanization, introducing their administrative systems, language, and culture. Latin became the official language, and Roman law was imposed, significantly altering Thrace’s social and political landscape. The province played a crucial role in securing the empire’s eastern frontier, guarding against invasions from the north and east.
Urban Development and Romanization
Under Roman rule, Thrace experienced a significant urban transformation. The Romans established new cities and expanded existing ones, turning them into bustling commerce, administration, and culture centers. Philippopolis, now Plovdiv, became one of the most important cities in the province. The city was already a Thracian settlement, but under Roman rule, it was transformed into a thriving metropolis with impressive public buildings, a forum, and a theater still in use today.
Serdica, now Sofia, also grew in importance during this period. The city became a central hub for Roman administration in the region. Emperor Constantine the Great famously referred to Serdica as “My Rome”, reflecting its significance in the later Roman Empire. The city was fortified with solid walls and became a critical strategic and religious center.
Nicopolis ad Istrum, near modern-day Veliko Tarnovo, is another example of Roman urban planning. Founded by Emperor Trajan around 106 AD to commemorate his victory over the Dacians, the city featured a grid layout with public baths, a basilica, and a theater. These cities were administrative centers and focal points for spreading Roman culture and lifestyle.
Infrastructure and Engineering Achievements
Infrastructure development was one of the most lasting impacts of Roman rule in Thrace. The Romans built an extensive network of roads that connected Thrace to the broader empire. The Via Militaris, a crucial military and trade route, passed through the province, linking it with other major cities and facilitating the movement of troops, goods, and information.
Roman engineering also introduced advanced water management systems, including aqueducts and baths. The Roman baths in Varna, known as Odessus in Roman times, are among the largest and best-preserved in the Balkans. These baths were not just places for bathing but social centers where people gathered to relax, do business, and socialize.
The Romans also constructed fortifications to protect the province from external threats. The Ratiaria fortress near the Danube River served as a defensive stronghold and a base for the Roman fleet. These fortifications played a critical role in securing the northern border of the Roman Empire against barbarian invasions.
Cultural and Religious Influence
Romanization significantly impacted the culture and religion of Thrace. Roman gods and religious practices were introduced, often merging with local Thracian beliefs. The worship of deities like Jupiter, Juno, and Mars became widespread, alongside the continued veneration of Thracian gods such as Sabazius and Bendis.
Roman culture also influenced art and architecture. Roman architectural styles, which included columns, arches, and marble, were used to construct public buildings, temples, and monuments. The influence of Roman art is evident in the mosaics, sculptures, and frescoes discovered in the region.
The introduction of Roman education, language, and legal systems further integrated Thrace into the empire. Latin became the language of administration and the elite, while Roman law provided a new legal framework that replaced traditional Thracian customs.
Archaeological Findings and Sites to Visit Today
Bulgaria is home to numerous archaeological sites from the Roman period that offer a glimpse into this transformative era. The Plovdiv Roman Theater, one of the best-preserved ancient theaters in the world, continues to host performances, connecting modern audiences with the city’s Roman past. Built in the 1st century AD, the theater could seat up to 7,000 spectators.
In Sofia, visitors can explore the remnants of the ancient city of Serdica, including the St. George Rotunda, a well-preserved Roman building that later became a Christian church. The rotunda, dating back to the 4th century AD, is famous for its well-preserved frescoes and symbolizes Sofia’s Roman heritage.
The ancient city of Nicopolis ad Istrum, near Veliko Tarnovo, offers a fascinating look at Roman urban planning and architecture. The site includes the remains of a forum, basilica, and other public buildings, providing valuable insights into the life of a Roman city in Thrace.
The Roman baths in Varna, one of the largest bath complexes in the Balkans, showcase the Roman period’s advanced engineering and social life. Visitors can walk through the ruins and imagine the daily life of Romans who once bathed and socialized in this grand complex.
The Roman Province of Thrace played a crucial role in the Roman Empire, serving as a strategic frontier and a hub of culture and commerce. The process of Romanization transformed Thrace, leaving a lasting legacy still visible in Bulgaria today. The cities, roads, and fortifications built during this period laid the foundation for the region’s development for centuries. You can explore these ancient sites, stepping back in time to witness the grandeur and sophistication of Roman Thrace.
