Explore how Bulgaria navigated the complexities of the Interwar period, from economic recovery and political instability to social transformation and military modernization.

The period 4600–4200 BC marks a fascinating chapter in prehistory when early civilizations across the globe were emerging and evolving in parallel. In Europe, the Varna culture of present-day Bulgaria astonished archaeologists with the world’s oldest processed gold treasure and evidence of the first social elites.

Learn the Yamnaya (Yamna) Culture: kurgan burials, pit graves, pastoral mobility, and steppe-linked changes in the Balkans during the late 4th–3rd millennium BCE.

Discover the Ezero Culture (c. 3300–2700 calBC): fortified tell settlements in Thrace, early metallurgy, pottery styles, and links to Troy and wider Balkan networks.

Explore Ottoman rule in the lands of present-day Bulgaria: conquest, administration, architecture, cuisine, revival, and why 1878 was not the end everywhere.